Types of reasoning | A Short History of Philosophy
Home Chapter History of Philosophy Introduction to Philosophy Ancient Philosophy Medieval philosophy Modern philosophy Contemporary philosophy philosophical discipline Hrestomatija Introduction yemekoyunu to Philosophy - Ancient hrestomatija f. - Hrestomatija Medieval f. - Hrestomatija Modern f. - Hrestomatija Modern f. - Hrestomatija F. disciplines - hrestomatija Literature Philosophy Today Course philosophy Logic Basic forms opinions Miscellaneous
We have already said that in Aristotelian logic, all positions had predicate form S is P or S is not P, and are distributed by the universal and the particular individual (singular) positions. Aristotle is the kind of reasoning defined starting from this model.
Inductive reasoning is moving in the opposite direction. It was attended by singular viewpoints and came to universal attitudes. The problem was that inductive reasoning is not strictly valid.
The conclusion derived from a set of individual cases, does not follow from the premises because it claims that all members of a class have some trait, while it is checked only for a small number of them. In the natural or exact sciences class about who do are endless claims (eg, "all bodies", or "all the numbers"), so we are not able, to verify the entire scope of universal statements.
Reasoning by analogy was that which was attended by the premise of which is talking about the similarities of the two cases or classes of cases, and then everyone concluded that if a class has an attribute, then it probably has other.
This conclusion, derived by analogy is false, untrue (the platypus is a mammal), but the conclusions from the analogy may be true, but their truth is always necessary to check the independent way of the similarities, as an analogy itself does not guarantee yemekoyunu that it is true preserved in conclusion.
And in modern logic differs only deductive and inductive reasoning. yemekoyunu Deductive reasoning is one that follows the rules that kept the truth does not violate the requirement that the true premise must follow a true conclusion, yemekoyunu while inductive reasoning will receive only more or less probable testimony.
When we look at the scientific process it is difficult to separate induction (reasoning from experience) and deduction, the logical consequence of the execution of the assumptions formulated in the form of universal (general) statements. It is certain that the experiments, all of which provide only singular statements, assist in the formulation of new hypotheses, but it is also possible to get new hypotheses yemekoyunu by analogy or in any other way, dedukovat consequences from it, and then they checked experiments.
We have already said that we distinguish between direct and indirect reasoning. yemekoyunu Immediately conclusion is that in which one starts from the premise that all the terms appearing yemekoyunu in the premises appear in the conclusion. yemekoyunu
Indirect reasoning is reasoning from two or more premises, in which some of the terms (so-called intermediate terms) that appear in the premises, does not appear in the conclusion. Forms of direct yemekoyunu inference as conversion, obverzija and contraposition, while the most famous indirect inference syllogism.
Fraunhofer lines that appear in the light that occurs when burning a particular element have been found by experience - by induction - so what is observed under a microscope spectrum of light that comes from an element that burns or is in a state of incandescence. These lines have a specific schedule for each element. yemekoyunu
Avogadro's claimed to be the same volume no matter whom gas under the same temperature and pressure always contain the same number of fundamental particles or melokula ... It was a bizarre statement, and most chemists will need at least another half a century to be gracious and accept it. (Hypothesis and accepting)
Mendeleyev noticed unusual repetition of the properties of elements. The form of the repetition became apparent while he was writing a textbook. He has prepared a series of cards, and on each were printed on the main characteristics of each element. Suddenly it dawned on him that, if the down cards with 67 known elements in horizontal rows, so that most elements Poredje by expanding the atomic weight elements with similar properties found in kolonama.takvo vertical arrangement of elements, yemekoyunu with characteristic rows and columns, it became known as the periodic table of elements. Using it, Mendeleev was able to predskaže properties "missing" elements, which are then be discovered. (Induction and deduction in scientific procedure)
Bright lines are detected in the spectrum of light that occurs when your ears burn some elements, yemekoyunu proved to be a kind of bar code of each element readable with great distance. Yes, there are lines revealed that induction experience, but is very fast and empirically observed yemekoyunu regularity tested all elements. When it is found, then one could deduce know which elements are in the stars. One unusual yemekoyunu that
Home Chapter History of Philosophy Introduction to Philosophy Ancient Philosophy Medieval philosophy Modern philosophy Contemporary philosophy philosophical discipline Hrestomatija Introduction yemekoyunu to Philosophy - Ancient hrestomatija f. - Hrestomatija Medieval f. - Hrestomatija Modern f. - Hrestomatija Modern f. - Hrestomatija F. disciplines - hrestomatija Literature Philosophy Today Course philosophy Logic Basic forms opinions Miscellaneous
We have already said that in Aristotelian logic, all positions had predicate form S is P or S is not P, and are distributed by the universal and the particular individual (singular) positions. Aristotle is the kind of reasoning defined starting from this model.
Inductive reasoning is moving in the opposite direction. It was attended by singular viewpoints and came to universal attitudes. The problem was that inductive reasoning is not strictly valid.
The conclusion derived from a set of individual cases, does not follow from the premises because it claims that all members of a class have some trait, while it is checked only for a small number of them. In the natural or exact sciences class about who do are endless claims (eg, "all bodies", or "all the numbers"), so we are not able, to verify the entire scope of universal statements.
Reasoning by analogy was that which was attended by the premise of which is talking about the similarities of the two cases or classes of cases, and then everyone concluded that if a class has an attribute, then it probably has other.
This conclusion, derived by analogy is false, untrue (the platypus is a mammal), but the conclusions from the analogy may be true, but their truth is always necessary to check the independent way of the similarities, as an analogy itself does not guarantee yemekoyunu that it is true preserved in conclusion.
And in modern logic differs only deductive and inductive reasoning. yemekoyunu Deductive reasoning is one that follows the rules that kept the truth does not violate the requirement that the true premise must follow a true conclusion, yemekoyunu while inductive reasoning will receive only more or less probable testimony.
When we look at the scientific process it is difficult to separate induction (reasoning from experience) and deduction, the logical consequence of the execution of the assumptions formulated in the form of universal (general) statements. It is certain that the experiments, all of which provide only singular statements, assist in the formulation of new hypotheses, but it is also possible to get new hypotheses yemekoyunu by analogy or in any other way, dedukovat consequences from it, and then they checked experiments.
We have already said that we distinguish between direct and indirect reasoning. yemekoyunu Immediately conclusion is that in which one starts from the premise that all the terms appearing yemekoyunu in the premises appear in the conclusion. yemekoyunu
Indirect reasoning is reasoning from two or more premises, in which some of the terms (so-called intermediate terms) that appear in the premises, does not appear in the conclusion. Forms of direct yemekoyunu inference as conversion, obverzija and contraposition, while the most famous indirect inference syllogism.
Fraunhofer lines that appear in the light that occurs when burning a particular element have been found by experience - by induction - so what is observed under a microscope spectrum of light that comes from an element that burns or is in a state of incandescence. These lines have a specific schedule for each element. yemekoyunu
Avogadro's claimed to be the same volume no matter whom gas under the same temperature and pressure always contain the same number of fundamental particles or melokula ... It was a bizarre statement, and most chemists will need at least another half a century to be gracious and accept it. (Hypothesis and accepting)
Mendeleyev noticed unusual repetition of the properties of elements. The form of the repetition became apparent while he was writing a textbook. He has prepared a series of cards, and on each were printed on the main characteristics of each element. Suddenly it dawned on him that, if the down cards with 67 known elements in horizontal rows, so that most elements Poredje by expanding the atomic weight elements with similar properties found in kolonama.takvo vertical arrangement of elements, yemekoyunu with characteristic rows and columns, it became known as the periodic table of elements. Using it, Mendeleev was able to predskaže properties "missing" elements, which are then be discovered. (Induction and deduction in scientific procedure)
Bright lines are detected in the spectrum of light that occurs when your ears burn some elements, yemekoyunu proved to be a kind of bar code of each element readable with great distance. Yes, there are lines revealed that induction experience, but is very fast and empirically observed yemekoyunu regularity tested all elements. When it is found, then one could deduce know which elements are in the stars. One unusual yemekoyunu that
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